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The third section of the main cutting method focuses on determining the optimal time for harvesting based on ecological, economic, and practical considerations. When deciding on the main cutting age, three key indicators must be met: first, the ecological environment should remain undisturbed after clear-cutting; second, the selected age should be either "quantitatively mature" or "process mature," ensuring that the species and timber specifications achieve maximum economic value at the time of final harvest; and third, artificial regeneration must be effective, aligning with the targets outlined in the "Technical Regulations for Forest Management." These principles ensure sustainable forest management while maintaining productivity and environmental integrity.
Most of the artificial commercial forests dominated by *Larix principis-rupprechtii* (Chinese larch) in the Mengfu Forest Management Bureau were established from the early 1960s to the late 1990s. Many of these stands are now in the "near-matured" or "middle-aged" stages, which is considered the most economically viable period for harvesting. However, due to varying stand sizes—ranging from as small as 0.2–2.0 hectares to as large as 600–700 hectares—the choice of cutting method must account for factors such as accessibility, production organization, capital investment, and mechanization. These factors significantly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of logging operations.
Based on Hebei Province’s "Forest Management Technical Regulations (Trial)," the following main cutting methods are commonly applied:
**(I) Small Area Clearcut**
This method involves clear-cutting small areas, typically under 5 hectares, based on topography, site conditions, and stand size. It is ideal for stands with favorable conditions such as gentle slopes, deep soils, and good regeneration potential. After harvesting, there is minimal risk of soil erosion, making it suitable for smaller-scale operations.
**(II) Large Area Clearcut**
For larger stands, usually over 20–30 hectares, clear-cutting is often done in multiple phases to reduce environmental impact. In areas with poor access or low human activity, a single large cut may be acceptable if followed by timely regeneration. The first cut is made after initial regeneration stabilizes, followed by subsequent cuts as needed.
**(III) Banded Clearcut**
This method is used in large, contiguous stands where logging is conducted in bands, leaving portions of the stand intact. The width of each band depends on slope, site conditions, and terrain. On steep slopes, the cutting area is kept narrow, typically no more than one to two times the average tree height. On flat ground with deep soils, wider bands may be used to facilitate operations without causing significant ecological disruption.
Section IV: Construction Management
A. Construction Management and Organization
(1) Preparation Work: Before any operation begins, thorough preparation is essential, including tool procurement, road maintenance, facility setup, and market planning.
(2) Labor Organization: Due to labor shortages in recent years, temporary teams are often formed. Only trained personnel are allowed to perform logging tasks, and responsibilities are clearly assigned based on task size. Contracts are signed between the forest farm and the construction unit, outlining operational details, safety standards, and penalties.
(3) Cutting License Distribution: Once the design is approved, the relevant office issues the cutting license. The forest farm then reviews the operation site with the design team to confirm boundaries, area, and method. Any discrepancies must be reported immediately.
(4) Technical Training: All workers receive training on the operation plan and safety procedures. Demonstrations are conducted on-site to ensure all staff understand the technical requirements.
(5) Problem Solving: Construction teams are required to identify and resolve issues promptly during operations.
Second, Logging Operations
After the plan is approved, all preparations are completed to ensure smooth execution.
(1) Site Preparation: Shrubs and undergrowth are cleared before logging begins, with cutting heights controlled below 5 meters. This provides better working conditions for loggers.
(2) Tree Felling: Trees are felled using chainsaws or hand saws, with cuts perpendicular to the trunk to avoid damaging the wood. Proper cutting techniques prevent cracking and ensure quality.
(3) Trunk Treatment: After felling, the base of the tree is trimmed neatly, avoiding uneven cuts. No wooden sticks should be used for this purpose.
(4) Timber Sorting: Materials are sorted according to market demand, following the principle of "long products not short, high-quality materials not inferior." Only one-time material placement is allowed, prohibiting secondary sorting.
(5) Skidding: Depending on the location and distance, logs are either dragged directly to the roadside or temporarily piled for later transport.
(6) Material Classification: Different grades of timber are sorted and classified, with strict rules on length, curvature, and diameter.
(7) Cleaning the Area: After logging, all tree stumps and branches are removed to promote regeneration and reduce fire hazards.
(8) Short-Term Transportation: Logs are transported quickly to designated storage areas, especially during winter when agricultural activities are less affected.
Third, Production Inspection and Acceptance
To ensure quality and compliance, a rigorous inspection and acceptance system is implemented.
(1) Guided Production: Technicians conduct regular inspections, checking boundaries, cutting heights, and safety protocols. Any deviations are corrected immediately.
(2) Acceptance Process: After completion, the forest farm and office conduct two rounds of inspections. This includes verifying the area, quality, volume, and product quantity.
(3) Final Reporting: Detailed reports are compiled, and all results are submitted for review. If discrepancies are found, the work is rechecked and corrected until it meets the required standards.
(4) Comprehensive Summary: After project completion, a detailed report is prepared, summarizing the entire process, identifying challenges, and proposing improvements for future operations.
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