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**Compilation Committee**
**Director:** Li Panwei
**Deputy Director:** Mu Zhentang, Hu Qinglu, Tian Jun, Liu Yanpeng, Kong Zhaopu, Xu Jianli
**Members:** Liu Yuhua, Zhang Ensheng, Li Heming, Zhou Jingqing, Zhou Qingying, Cheng Xu, Xie Haiyan
**Editor-in-Chief:** Li Panwei, Hu Qinglu
**Associate Editor:** Liu Yuhua, Zhang Ensheng, Li Heming, Tian Jun, Zhou Jingqing, Zhou Qingying
**Cheng Xu, Xie Haiyan, Wang Zhanwu**
**Writers (in order of last name stroke count):** Yu Shufeng, You Liquan, You Jianmin, Wang Zhanwu, Lan Yongsheng, Tian Min, Tian Jun, Liu Guangying, Liu Yuhua, Liu Limin, et al. Yu Long, Cheng Xu, Xie Haiyan
**Foreword**
At present, China has entered a new stage of development in building a well-off society in all respects and accelerating the progress of socialist modernization. Forestry has historically played a key role in ecological construction. With the profound changes in societal demands, consumption levels, and resource allocation methods, the environment and resources are under unprecedented pressure. During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, the State Forestry Administration introduced a strategic policy to promote major projects for five fundamental transformations in forestry. One of the six key forestry projects was the establishment of fast-growing and high-yield timber forest bases in key regions, which is crucial for sustainable development, reducing pressure on existing forest resources, and ensuring the success of ecological projects.
Hebei, a major province in northern China, has developed a complete forestry ecosystem and a thriving forestry industry. These two aspects have promoted each other, contributing significantly to the protection of Beijing and Tianjin and the local economy. The area of fast-growing and high-yield timber forests in Hebei has now exceeded 4 million mu. In the Weibei mountainous region, where the ecological environment is fragile and the economy is underdeveloped, the North China Larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii) has become the preferred species due to its drought resistance, cold tolerance, fast growth, and high-quality wood. It is an ideal choice for establishing timber forest bases.
The National Forest Farm of China ranks among the top 500 state-owned forest farms in Hebei. Since its establishment in 1963, it has cultivated 700,000 mu of fast-growing and high-yield forests of North China Larch, with 2.37 million cubic meters of standing trees (86% young and middle-aged). Cumulative timber production reached 1.03 million cubic meters, generating a value of 200 million yuan. In recent years, with policy support and economic incentives, farmers in northern Anhui have shown increased enthusiasm for planting fast-growing larch forests. However, due to the technical challenges involved in breeding, seedling cultivation, and management, the area of such forests has been somewhat limited.
The forestry research community in Hebei has made significant progress in studying suitable tree species for fast-growing and high-yield forests across different regions. Over the past 40 years, generations of staff at the Mengzi State Forest Management Bureau have dedicated themselves to researching the cultivation techniques of North China Larch, achieving remarkable results. They have established the largest production and research demonstration base for fine larch seeds in China and pioneered successful seedling nurseries and spray-cutting techniques. Based on their practical experiences, they have compiled a comprehensive guide titled *Cultivating Techniques for Fast-Growing and High-Yielding Forests of Larix principis-rupprechtii*. This book provides practical and theoretical knowledge on the characteristics, breeding, afforestation, and pest control of the species, making it an essential resource for grassroots foresters and forest farmers.
This technical monograph is the result of the hard work and dedication of several generations of forestry professionals from the Mengzi State Forest Management Bureau. It reflects their commitment, scientific rigor, and passion for the forestry industry. This publication coincides with the 40th anniversary of the bureau's establishment and serves as a tribute to their efforts.
**Bai Shunjiang**
July 19, 2003
**Foreword**
The Hebei Mengye State-Owned Forest Management Bureau (hereinafter referred to as Mengzi Forest Management Bureau) is located in the transitional zone between the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Weibei Mountains. It spans latitudes 41°35'–42°37' and longitudes 116°48'–118°20', with an elevation ranging from 750 to 1978 meters. The average annual precipitation is 460 mm, and it lies within the temperate continental monsoon climate zone, in Manchu Mongolian Autonomous County, Hebei Province. Established in 1963, the bureau is affiliated with the Hebei Provincial Forestry Bureau and is one of the “Top 500 State-Owned Forest Farms†in the country. It oversees 10 state-owned forest farms, 2 companies, and 14 grassroots units, covering a total business area of 1.54 million mu and employing 1,300 people. It is the largest state-owned forest management bureau in Hebei.
Over the past 40 years, under the leadership and care of the Provincial Forestry Bureau, the Mengzi Forest Management Bureau has achieved significant progress in forest cultivation, forestry economic development, and field construction. It has cultivated 700,000 mu of fast-growing and high-yield forests of North China Larch, with 2.37 million cubic meters of standing trees (86% young and middle-aged), and cumulative timber production of 10.3 million cubic meters, generating a value of 200 million yuan. The Larix principis-rupprechtii fine seed base, established in 1976, is the largest production and research demonstration base of larch seedlings in North China. It was included in the basic construction plan by the Ministry of Forestry in 1983 and has won many awards at the ministerial and provincial levels. Among these achievements, there are two technological progress awards from the State Science and Technology Commission.
The Longtoushan Nursery, founded in 1953, pioneered the cultivation of North China Larch. It successfully implemented seedling and spray-cutting techniques, producing 1.03 billion high-quality seedlings over time. The bureau has also accumulated rich experience in tending, renewal, fire prevention, and pest control in larch timber forests, achieving intensive management and sustainable use.
To summarize the experience gained over the past 40 years in cultivating fast-growing and high-yield forests of Larix principis-rupprechtii, the bureau organized a large number of researchers and practitioners to compile this technical monograph. It covers all aspects of the cultivation process, from theory to practice, from seedlings to afforestation, and from technology to construction. This book aims to provide guidance for modern forestry entrepreneurs and contribute to the development of fast-growing and high-yield forest bases in key national areas. Despite the best efforts, some errors may still exist, and readers are encouraged to offer corrections. Special thanks go to Dr. Yang Junming, chief engineer of the Hebei Academy of Forestry Sciences, for his invaluable assistance.
**Editor**
July 12, 2003
**Table of Contents**
Chapter 1: Characteristics of *Larix principis-rupprechtii* ....................................................(1)
Section 1: Morphological Features .......................................................................(1)
Section 2: Distribution .................................................................................(2)
Section 3: Ecological Characteristics ...................................................................(3)
Section 4: Community Characteristics ...................................................................(4)
Section 5: Growth and Development Rules .............................................................(5)
Chapter 2: Improved Seed Production of *Larix principis-rupprechtii* ..............................................(7)
Section 1: Establishment and Management of Mother Trees..................................................(7)
Section 2: Establishment and Management of Seed Gardens ................................................(14)
Section 3: Collection and Treatment of Larch Seeds .....................................................(27)
Chapter 3: Nursery ...................................................................................(34)
Section 1: Selection and Zoning of Nurseries .......................................................(34)
Section 2: Soil Preparation, Fertilization, Sterilization, and Bedding ..........................................(36)
Section 3: Seed Treatment and Germination ............................................................(37)
Section 4: Sowing in the Fourth Quarter ...................................................................(39)
Section 5: Cultivation of Cutting Seedlings ...................................................................(45)
Section 6: Cultivation of Transplanted Seedlings and Container Seedlings ........................................(47)
Section 7: Pest Control .............................................................................(49)
Section 8: Raising Seedlings ...........................................................................(50)
Section 9: Establishment of Nursery Archives ............................................................(53)
Chapter 4: Afforestation .................................................................................(55)
Section 1: Selection of Forested Lands ................................................................(55)
Section 2: Afforestation Models and Density ............................................................(59)
Section 3: Site Preparation ...........................................................................(65)
Section 4: Seeds and Seedlings .....................................................................(67)
Section 5: Season and Method of Forest Reforestation ........................................................(68)
Section 6: Young Forest Breeding ...................................................................(75)
Chapter 5: Intermediate Cutting ........................................................................(81)
Section 1: Foundations for Thinning....................................................................(81)
Section 2: Types and Methods of Thinning .........................................................(87)
Section 3: Technical Elements for Felling and Harvesting ................................................(91)
Section 4: Stand Surveys .......................................................................(107)
Section 5: Thinning Construction Technology .........................................................(108)
Section 6: Effect and Impact of Intermediate Cutting ...................................................(110)
Section 7: Artificial Pruning .....................................................................(113)
Chapter 6: Harvesting and Updating ....................................................................(116)
Section 1: Determination of the Duration of Final Felling .....................................................(116)
Section 2: Survey Design .......................................................................(117)
Section 3: Main Cutting Mode .......................................................................(121)
Section 4: Construction Management .....................................................................(122)
Section 5: Manual Updates .......................................................................(125)
Chapter 7: Major Pests and Diseases of *Larix principis-rupprechtii* and Their Prevention and Control ..........................(133)
Section 1: Major Diseases of *Larix principis-rupprechtii* ....................................................(133)
Section 2: Main Insect Pests of *Larix principis-rupprechtii* ....................................................(139)
Section 3: Major Larval Litter of North China Larch ....................................................(157)
References ..................................................................................................(164)
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