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As the old saying goes, "The cold dew does not bow, cut and feed the old cow." This proverb highlights the importance of timing in agricultural practices. Rice is a warm-tempered crop, and its development from young panicle differentiation to maturity is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly temperature. During the meiosis stage of pollen mother cells—commonly known as the middle to late booting phase—if the average daily temperature falls below 17°C, pollen development becomes abnormal. At temperatures below 15°C, the number of viable pollen grains drops significantly, leading to an increase in empty grains and a delay in heading. When the average temperature remains below 20°C, empty hulls and unfilled grains become more common. These temperature thresholds are critical indicators for ensuring safe panicle development in rice cultivation.
Additionally, when soil temperatures during the grain-filling period fall below 15°C, the process slows down, resulting in more empty grains. To avoid or minimize the impact of low temperatures on late japonica rice, it is essential to monitor weather forecasts, understand variety characteristics, and implement appropriate farming strategies.
In Jingmen City, over the past three years, September and October temperatures have often been unsuitable for late rice growth. For example, in September 2004, the average temperature was 23.1°C, but there were two days with temperatures below 20°C. In October, the average temperature was 17.3°C, with two days where temperatures dropped below 15°C. Similar patterns were observed in 2005 and 2006, with multiple days of low temperatures that could negatively affect rice booting, heading, and grain filling. Although the average temperature in Qujialing was slightly higher than the city average by about 0.4°C, planting should be done before June 28, and early transplanting can help avoid cold stress. However, based on the fertility characteristics of Echangza No. 3, the replanting field was expected to reach the spike differentiation stage around August 22, begin heading around September 21, and complete heading by late September. Therefore, measures must be taken to improve the seed-setting rate of this variety.
Echangza No. 3 has a compact plant type, thick stems, dark leaves, and wide flag leaves. Its panicles are semi-erect, with hard cobs, oval grains, short awns, and moderate threshing. In regional trials, it produced 197,000 effective panicles per mu, with a plant height of 88.4 cm, panicle length of 17.0 cm, and 115.1 grains per panicle. The fertility rate was 84.5%, with a grain weight of 27.29 g. The entire growth period lasted 126.9 days, which is 2.6 days shorter than Ekangza No. 1. It shows resistance to SJN and bacterial blight, making it suitable for late rice cultivation in Hubei Province, especially in areas free from or with mild rice blast disease.
To optimize the growth of Echangza No. 3, the following cultivation techniques are recommended:
1. Increase seeding rate and ensure a sufficient number of basic seedlings. Use 2.5–3.0 kg of seeds per mu, with 100–120 seedlings per square meter.
2. Manage water levels effectively to raise field temperature and regulate moisture. The key principle is "shallow water, dry, and moist." Maintain a shallow water layer during tillering, booting, heading, and flowering stages. Drain the field once the total seedling population reaches 20–22 million per acre, allowing the field to crust and dry slightly. After natural drying, reapply shallow water. Monitor the plants for signs such as upright leaves, exposed white roots, and fading color, indicating readiness for the next stage. Keep the field consistently moist from Qi Sui to Huang Shu, avoiding premature drainage.
3. Apply balanced fertilization, focusing on base fertilizer and timely top-dressing. After field drying, apply 5 kg of potassium chloride per acre. In fields showing nutrient deficiency, add 2.5–4 kg of urea. During the heading stage, spray 0.2 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea per acre combined with pest control. Ensure steady growth without excessive vigor or early aging.
4. Spray “Grain Full†during the heading stage. Choose sunny days and apply 25 grams of “Grain Full†or 2–3 grams of “90%†per 50 kg of water per acre, combining it with pest control.
5. Prepare for low-temperature events. If temperatures drop below 20°C during heading, use deep water to adjust the temperature before the cold wave arrives.
6. Strengthen pest and disease monitoring. Bacterial blight is likely after flooding, and this year may see major outbreaks of planthoppers, aphids, sheath blight, blast, and other diseases. Continuous monitoring and scientific management are crucial for preventing losses.
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