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As the old saying goes, "The cold dew does not bow; cut and feed the old cow." This proverb highlights the sensitivity of rice to temperature changes, especially during critical growth stages. Rice is a warm-tempered crop, and its development from young panicle differentiation to maturity is highly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly temperature. During the meiosis stage of pollen mother cells (which occurs during the middle to late booting phase), if the average daily temperature drops below 17°C, pollen development becomes abnormal. At temperatures below 15°C, the number of viable pollen grains significantly decreases, leading to an increase in empty grains and delayed heading. When the average temperature falls below 20°C, the risk of empty hulls and blank grains increases. These two temperature thresholds are considered critical indicators for ensuring safe panicle development in rice cultivation.
Additionally, when temperatures fall below 15°C during the grain-filling period, the process slows down, and more empty grains appear. To avoid or reduce the impact of low temperatures on late japonica rice, it's essential to monitor weather patterns, understand the characteristics of the varieties being planted, and implement appropriate agricultural practices.
In Jingmen City, over the past three years, September and October temperatures have shown fluctuations that may hinder the proper development of late rice. For example, in September 2004, the average temperature was 23.1°C, with two days where the temperature dropped below 20°C. In October, the average temperature was 17.3°C, with two days where it fell below 15°C. Similar trends were observed in 2005 and 2006, with several days of lower-than-average temperatures. Although the Qujialing area has slightly higher average temperatures than the city overall, the planting schedule must be adjusted accordingly. Planting before June 28 allows for earlier transplanting, but based on the fertility characteristics of hybrid variety No. 3, the replanting field is expected to reach spike differentiation around August 22, begin ear emergence around September 21, and complete heading by late September. Therefore, measures to enhance seed-setting rates, such as careful temperature management, are crucial.
E’erzaza No. 3 is a high-yielding hybrid variety with a compact plant type, thick stems, dark leaves, and wide flag leaves. Its semi-erect panicles, hard cobs, and oval grains make it suitable for late rice cultivation. In regional trials, it showed strong performance, with 197,000 effective panicles per mu, a plant height of 88.4 cm, a panicle length of 17.0 cm, 115.1 grains per panicle, and a fertility rate of 84.5%. It also has a grain weight of 27.29 g and a total growth period of 126.9 days, which is 2.6 days shorter than Ekangza No. 1. The variety shows resistance to bacterial blight and sheath blight, making it ideal for areas in Hubei Province with mild or no rice blast disease.
To maximize yield and quality, the following cultivation techniques are recommended:
1. Increase seeding rate and ensure a sufficient number of seedlings. A seeding rate of 2.5–3.0 kg per mu and 100–120 seedlings per square meter is advised.
2. Implement water management using the “Sanshui II drying and moistening†method. Maintain shallow water levels during key growth stages such as tillering, booting, and heading. Drain the field when the seedling population reaches 20–22 million per acre, allowing for natural drying and crusting. Reintroduce water gradually during the flowering stage.
3. Apply balanced fertilization, focusing on base fertilizer and timely topdressing. After field drying, apply 5 kg of potassium chloride per acre. In fields showing nutrient deficiency, add 2.5–4 kg of urea. During heading, use 0.2 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 kg of urea per acre for foliar application.
4. Spray “Grain Full†during the heading stage. Use 25 g of “Grain Full†or 2–3 g of “90%†per 50 kg of water, preferably on sunny days, and combine with pest control.
5. Prepare for low-temperature events. If the average temperature drops below 20°C during heading, maintain deep water to regulate temperature before the cold spell arrives.
6. Strengthen pest and disease monitoring. Bacterial blight, planthoppers, aphids, sheath blight, and blast disease are common threats. Continuous monitoring and timely intervention are essential to prevent outbreaks.
By following these strategies, farmers can better manage the challenges posed by fluctuating temperatures and pests, ensuring a successful harvest of high-quality late rice.
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