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# JIS G3461 Standard Boilers and Heat Exchangers
Boiler systems and heat exchangers play a critical role in industrial applications, particularly when it comes to transferring energy efficiently between fluids. JIS G3461 carbon steel pipes, which are widely utilized in such systems, offer excellent performance for both internal and external heat exchange processes. These pipes are commonly found in components like water pipes, flue gas conduits, superheater tubes, and air preheaters. Their primary domains of application include boiler construction, heat exchanger assembly, and condenser manufacturing. Additionally, they find utility in the chemical and petrochemical sectors; however, these materials are not suited for use under cryogenic conditions.
## Chemical Composition:
The following table outlines the chemical composition of JIS G3461 carbon steel pipes, categorized by grade:
| Grade | Manufacturing Process | Carbon (C) | Silicon (Si) | Manganese (Mn) | Phosphorus (P) | Sulfur (S) | Nickel (Ni) | Chromium (Cr) | Molybdenum (Mo) | Other Elements |
|---------|-----------------------|------------|--------------|----------------|----------------|------------|-------------|---------------|-----------------|----------------|
| STB35 | S, E | ≤0.18 | ≤0.35 | 0.30–0.60 | ≤0.035 | ≤0.035 | - | - | - | - |
| STB42 | S, E | ≤0.32 | ≤0.35 | 0.30–0.60 | ≤0.035 | ≤0.035 | - | - | - | - |
| STB52 | S, E | ≤0.25 | ≤0.35 | 1.00–1.50 | ≤0.035 | ≤0.035 | - | - | - | - |
These compositions ensure that the pipes meet stringent standards while maintaining durability and reliability in demanding environments.
## Mechanical Properties:
The mechanical properties of JIS G3461 carbon steel pipes vary depending on their grade and dimensions. Below is a detailed breakdown:
| Class Symbol | Tensile Strength (N/mm²) | Yield Point or Proof Stress (N/mm²) | Elongation (%) |
|--------------|--------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| STB340 | ≥340 | ≥175 | ≥35 (≥30 for diameters <10 mm) |
| STB410 | ≥410 | ≥255 | ≥25 (≥20 for diameters <10 mm) |
| STB510 | ≥510 | ≥295 | ≥25 (≥20 for diameters <10 mm) |
These values reflect the robustness and flexibility of the material, making it ideal for high-pressure and high-temperature applications.
## Manufacturing Methods:
The production process for JIS G3461 carbon steel pipes depends on the specific grade and intended use. The following table summarizes the heat treatment methods employed:
| Class Symbol | Hot Finished Seamless Steel Tube | Cold Finished Seamless Steel Tube | Electric Resistance Welded Steel Tube (ERW) | Finished ERW Steel Tube | Fold Finished ERW Steel Tube |
|--------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|
| STB340 | As manufactured, with optional low temp. annealing or normalizing | Low temp. annealing, normalizing, or full annealing | Normalizing | As manufactured, with optional low temp. annealing or normalizing | Normalizing |
| STB410 | As manufactured, with optional low temp. annealing or normalizing | Low temp. annealing, normalizing, or full annealing | Normalizing | Low temp. annealing | Normalizing |
| STB510 | N/A | N/A | Normalizing | N/A | Normalizing |
These manufacturing techniques ensure that the final product meets the highest quality standards, providing consistent performance across various operational conditions.
In summary, JIS G3461 carbon steel pipes represent a reliable solution for a wide range of industrial applications. Their precise chemical composition, superior mechanical properties, and meticulous manufacturing processes make them indispensable in the design and operation of boilers and heat exchangers. Whether you're constructing a new system or maintaining an existing one, these pipes offer unmatched value and performance.
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